1. "Et afin qu'il n'y ait cause de douter sur l'intelligence desdits
arrests, nous voulons et ordonnons qu'ils soient faits et escrits si
clairement, qu'il n'y ait ne puisse avoir aucune ambiguïté ou
incertitude, ne lieu à demander interpretation.
"Et pour ce que de telles choses sont souvent advenues sur l'intelligence
des mots latins contenus esdits arrests, nous voulons d'ores en avant que
tous arrests, ensemble toutes autres procedures, soient de nos cours
souveraines et autres subalternes et inférieures, soient de
registres, enquestes, contrats, commissions, sentences, testaments, et
autres quelconques actes et exploicts de iustice, ou qui en dependent,
soient prononcez, enregistrez et delivrez aux parties en langaige maternel
françois et non autrement." Cited in Brunot 1897: 666, n.1.
2. The title bears the date 1539, although the colophon on the last page is
dated 1540. We use the generally accepted date of 1539 for this edition.
3. In his Avant-Propos to Alfred Bauer's translation of Fr. Diez's
Altromanische Glossaren (Anciens glossaires romans corrigés et
expliqués par Frédéric Diez, Bibliothèque de
l'École des Hautes Études, 5e fasc. 1870), M. Paris states
(p.xi): "Je terminerai cet Avant-Propos par l'annonce d'une entreprise qui
répondra à un voeu exprimé par M. Diez. J'ai obtenu du
Ministre de l'Instruction publique l'autorisation de publier dans la
collection des Documents inédits, un Corpus des anciens
glossaires français manuscrits." Cited in Roques 1936a: 249.
4. See Merrilees 1986-1994, and Merrilees/Edwards 1989 and 1995.
5. Hunt (1991: I, 4) refers to this work as Glottai.
6. Holtz 1981 is the definitive study of the Ars Donati and its
influence
on Western pedagogy which endured for a millennium.
7. Cledonius held a chair of grammar at Constantinople, Pompeius taught in
Africa
(Holtz 1981: 233), and Cassiodorus was a statesman from 507 until c.540,
when
he
retired and founded a monastery named Vivarium, to perpetuate Roman culture.
8. De grammatica I.5.4: "Divisiones autem grammaticae artis a
quibusdam
triginta dinumerantus, id est, partes orationis octo: vox articulata,
littera,
syllaba, pedes, accentus, positurae, notae, orthographia, analogia.
etymologia,
glossae, differentiae, barbarismi, soloecismi, vitia, metaplasmi, schemata,
tropi,
prosa, metra, fabulae, historiae."
9. Translated in Brehaut 1912: 97.
10. Emphasis is ours.
11. "Origo quorundam nominum, id est unde veniant, non paene omnibus patet.
Proinde
quaedam noscendi gratia huic operi interiecimus." Lindsay 1911: I.
12. Some authors, e.g. Hessels (1910: 127), hold that the author lived in
Spain.
13. "... opus quidem a multis aliis iam pridem elaboratum, a me quoque nuper
spatium circiter decem annorum prout potui adauctum et accumulatum ..."
Cited
in
Daly/Daly 1964: 230 and Hunt 1991: I, 371 n.4.
14. "Iam vero de huius artis nomine non pretermittendum videtur, que quidem,
etsi
olim, quia ad verbum et simpliciter unius alicuius dictionis retinebat
interpretationem, glossarium vocaretur, iam vero, diffinitionibus et
secundum
regulas notationibus, sententiis quoque et multis id genus superadditis,
altius
atque aptius elementarium doctrine erudimentum nominari poterit." Cited in
Daly/Daly 1964: 230, and translated in id. 1964: 234.
15. Weijers (1989: 141, n.7) prefers the translation, Introduction into
the
Basic Elements of Learning.
16. Also see R.W. Hunt 1958: 271.
17. "Difficiles studeo partes quas biblia gestat". Cited in Daly/Daly 1975:
3.
18. This figure refers to the number of alphabetically-ordered lemmata; it
does not include the large quantity of sub-lemmata (derivatives) contained
in the articles.
19. "Immensas omnipotenti deo. patri et filio et spiritui sancto graciarum
referimus acciones. qui nostrum catholicon ex multis et diversis doctorum
texturis elaboratum atque contextum licet per multorum annorum
curricula. In MCCLXXXVI anno domini noni marcii ad finem usque produxit."
Mainz 1460. Emphasis is ours.
20. "Cum in codice ethimologiarum Isidori libris Papie Hugucionis et
Catholicon de vocabulorum expositione solum tractantibus quos vidi sepius
et perlegi, In primo plurima, In secundo non tanta, In tercio pauca, et in
quarto paucissima vocabula repererim et reperiantur deficere queque in uno
ex ipsis sunt posita in alio sunt obmissa, Cogitavi ego Iohannes in unum
corpus redigere..." Incipit ms. Paris, BN lat. 7678.
21. This word is rendered as 'romiatge'in the printed version of the
Comprehensorium (Paris, BN Rés. X.898).
22. The edition of the Comprehensorium conserved at the
Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, under the shelf number R&ecute;s.
X.155, is catalogued 'Comprehensorium. Johannes Grammaticus Hispanus'.
23. Volume I: Texts; Volume II: Glosses; Volume III: Indexes.
24. The Dictionarius was published by H. Géraud, "Dictionaire
de Jean de Garlande" in Paris sous Philippe le Bel, Collection de
documents inédits sur l'histoire de France, Paris, 1837,
Appendice II, pp.580-612; T. Wright, A Volume of Vocabularies
illustrating the Condition and Manners of our Forefathers, Vol. 1 of A
Library of National Antiquities, Liverpool 1857, pp.120-138; August Scheler,
"Trois traités de lexicographie latine du XIIe et du XIIIe
siècle. I. Johannes de Garlandia, Dictionarius", Jahrbuch
für romanische und englische Literatur VI, 1865, 43-59, 142-162,
287-321, 370-379. Tony Hunt printed the vernacular glosses in mss. Oxford,
Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C 496 and G 99 in "Vernacular Glosses in
Medieval Manuscripts", Cultura Neolatina 39, 1979, 9-20. He printed
the text of ms. Dublin, Trinity College 270, ff.14ra-24rb, in Teaching
and Learning Latin in 13th-Century England, 1991, Vol. I, 196f., and the
vernacular glosses from that manuscript in Volume II.
25. A few examples of French glosses from the Commentarius were
printed by Barthélemy Hauréau in Notices et Extraits
27/2, 1879, 59-60.
26. This glossary was published by Baron de Reiffenberg as "Court glossaire
roman du XIIIe ou du commencement du XIVe siècle, tiré du Ms.
de la Bibl. royale [de Bruxelles] no. 9543", in Gautier de Tournay,
Gilles de Chin, le Baron de Reiffenberg, éd., Bruxelles, 1847.
27. Gustav Gröber, "Altfranzösische Glossen", Strasburger
Festschrift zur XLVI. Versammlung deutscher Philologen und Schulm„nner,
Strasburg 1901, 39-48.
28. Extracts from this glossary were published by Paul Meyer in: "De
vestibus mulierum", Jahrbuch für romanische und englische
Literatur, VII, 1866, 37-38; "Notices et extraits de manuscrits
conservés au Musée Huntérien à Glasgow",
Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires IV (2e
série), 1867, 156-167; and Documents manuscrits de l'ancienne
littérature de la France conservés dans les
Bibliothèques de la Grande-Bretagne, Paris, 1871, 120-121 and
123-126. Ewert (1957) edited the remainder of the Hunterian glossary which
had not been previously edited by Meyer. The entire text of ms. Hunter 292
was published in Hunt (1991: I, 401f.).
29. The glossary in ms. Douce 88, ff.147-152 was published by J. Priebsch,
"Ein anglonormannisches Glossar", Bausteine zur romanischen Philologie.
Festgabe für Adolfo Mussafia zum 15. Februar 1905, Halle 1905,
534-556; in Hunt (1980); and in Hunt (1991: I, 420f.)
30. A.A.L. Chassant published this work in 1857 and revised it in 1877:
Petit vocabulaire latin-fran‡ais du XIIIe siècle, extrait d'un
manuscrit de la Bibliothèque d'Évreux, Paris, 1877.
31. Roques (1936b: xiii) mentions this thematic glossary as well.
32. This glossary was previously published by Émil Gachet, "Manuscrit
d'un glossaire latin-français du XVe siècle" in Compte
rendu des séances de la Commission Royale d'histoire de
l'Académie Royale des sciences, des lettres... XI, Bruxelles
1846, 300-322.
33. Roques (1936b: xxiii, n.2) acknowledges that the word abavus is
also the beginning as well as the name of a Latin glossary published in
CGL t. IV and in GL t. II, and states that his choice of title
does not imply a filiation from the Latin glossary to the Latin-French one.
34. The Douai glossary was previously published in Escallier (1851) and
Escallier (1856).
35. The Évreux glossary was previously published in Chassant (1857,
1877).
36. Cited in Merrilees 1994a: xiv, n.38.
37. Lindemann (1994: 218) is also of the opinion that ms. AN M.897 is part
of the Aalma series.
38. In June 1995, in response to our request for a microfilm of the
manuscript, Mme Christine Nougaret, Conservateur en chef chargé du
Centre d'accueil et de recherche des Archives nationales, advised that they
have not yet been able to identify it under n° M.167. After sending all
the information we had at our disposal, we await further word from les
Archives nationales.
39. Lindemann (1994: 218) notes the absence of the lemma aedus from
A1. It is found as Edus.
40. There is an error in the description of this manuscript in the
Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothéques
publiques de France, Tome XLVIII, 1933, pp. 402-403, under the Ville de
Metz: "1182 - Catholicon seu dictionarium latinum. D‚but: « alma,
alme, vierge secrete ou sainte, et est femini
generis... » - Fol. 141 « zocara, zocare, vel zucara,
zucare, succre, une espice, tamen aliqui dicunt zocara et aliqui dicunt
zucara.... Explicit Catholicon, et dicitur Catholicon... a catha quod est
universale et yhcos quod est scientia, quasi universalis
scientia. » XVe siècle. Papier. 1414 feuillets,
à 2 col. 290 sur 220 millim. Rel. peau blanche. (Vente Saibante, no.
333 - Salis, no. 36.) The emphasis is ours; the manuscript contains 141
folios.
41. See Elizabeth Lamond, Walter of Henley's Husbandry together with an
anonymous Husbandry, Seneschaucie and Robert Grosseteste's Rules,
London, 1890; Dorothea Oschinsky, Walter of Henley and Other Treatises
on Estate Management and Accounting, Oxford, 1971.
42. Paul Meyer published extracts from these groups in Documents
manuscrits de l'ancienne littérature de la France conservés
dans les Bibliothèques de la Grande-Bretagne, Paris, 1871; Tony
Hunt published the full text in Teaching and Learning Latin in
13th-Century England, Brewer: Cambridge 1991, Volume I, 403f.
43. Littré (1852: 30) mentions that BN ms. lat. 7684 does not exactly
follow alphabetical order, but it seems that he did not know the precise
reason for this lack.
44. Le Ver's practical side is evident in his knowledge of agricultural and
vinicultural vocabulary.
45. Le Ver's attachment to the rule is revealed by the fact that his first
term as prior came to an end when monks at St-Honoré complained of
his unpopular decision to restrict visits from outsiders. (Merrilees 1994a:
vii).
46. Explicit: "[...] ego Firminus Verris de villa Abbatisville in Pontivo
Ambianensis diocesis oriundus, religiosus professus, ac huius domus beati
honorati prope dictam villam Abbatisville Cartusiensis ordinis prior
indignus, per viginti annorum curricula et amplius cum maxima pena et labore
insimul congregavi, compilavi et conscripsi. [...] Qui dictus dictionarius
anno domini millesimo cccc° quadragesimo mensis Aprilis die ultimo
completus fuit et finitus. ..." (Merrilees 1994a: 543).
47. "Incipit dictionarius a Catholicon et Hugucione atque a Papia et Britone
extractus atque a pluribus aliis libris gramaticalibus compilatus..."
(Merrilees 1994a: 1).
48. Roques' papers include a transcription of Latin lemmata and French
glosses from the first 250 folios of the DLV (Merrilees 1994a: viii
and n.22).
49. In the preparation of this chapter, we are especially indebted to the
work of Professors B.S. Merrilees and T.R. Wooldridge.
50. Also see Bray (1988: 46 and 1989: 136), Collignon/Glatigny (1978: 74),
Dubois/Dubois (1971: 54).
51. ...suscepi opus quidem a multi aliis iam pridem elaboratum, a me quoque
nuper per spatium circiter decem annorum, prout potui adauctum et
accumulatum." Cited in Daly/Daly 1964: 230; translated in id. 1964:
232.
52. ...hoc quidem ex omnibus quas invenimus scripturis electum atque
compositum opus..." Cited in Daly/Daly 1964: 230; translated in id.
1964: 232.
53. ...liber iste vocetur Catholicon eo quod sit communis et universalis;
valet siquidem ad omnes ferme scientias...". Mainz 1460.
54. "Explicit liber iste qui proprie nominari debet dictionarius quia omnes
dictiones seu significationes quas in Catholicon et Ugutione atque in Papia
et Britone et eciam in pluribus aliis libris grammaticalibus repperire
potui..." Merrilees 1994a: 543.
55. These categories apply as well to Latin and to French. Articles
constitute an additional closed class in English and French.
56. "[...] Invenies etiam hoc multas utiles questionaes naturalis.
theologicas. motas et declaratas..." Mainz 1460.
57. The editors of Glossaria latina enthuse: "O admirabilem
Ansileubum qui tam accurate tam vastam congeriem ordinandam curaverit!"
(GL I: 7).
58. "Notare quoque cuilibet aliquid citius invenire volenti oportebit
quoniam totus hic liber per alfabetum non solum in primis partium litteris
verum etiam in secundis et tertiis et ulterius interdum ordinabili
litterarum dispositione compositus erit. [...] Cum vero earundem litterarum
primus, secundus, tertius ordo observatus fuerit, idem in sequentibus
litteris non adeo custodiri poterit quod non prepostere quis eas posuerit.
In ipsis quoque primis, secundis vel tertiis modis, propter diversarum
litterarum scripturam, interdum ratio variabitur. Verbi gratia, hyena a
quibusdam per .i., ab aliis per .y. vel per aspirationem scribitur. Et quam
verbenam quidam, alii berbenam nominant herbam." Cited in Daly/Daly 1964:
232, translated in id. 1964: 233.
59. 'I' includes 'J'; 'U' includes 'V'; 'K', 'W', 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' are
missing.
60. Hunt (1989: xxiii) describes a similar situation: "London, B.L. Add.
17866 ff. 43ra-45rc. An early-fourteenth-century MS largely composed of
Middle English medical receipts in both prose and verse and a verse herbal.
The list of synonyma has a red rubric Hic incipiunt nomina
herbarum. The arrangement is disordered. In principle there is an
English headword (initial letter in red) and listed below it are synonyms
in Latin and English with a few in French. A peculiarity is that, although
the list is divided into alphabetical sections (each preceded by a large red
capital), the alphabetical principle really applies not to the English
headwords, but to the first synonym given for each entry, which is usually
Latin."
61. See Miethaner-Vent 1986: 90.
62. "In hac autem quinta parte procedas ubique secundum ordinem alphabeti.
itaque ex tali ordine de facili haberi poterit ortographya cuiuslibet hic
positi dictionis. ut verbi gratia. Intendo tractare de amo et bibo. primo
tractabo de amo quam de bibo. quia .a. est prima littera in amo. et .b. est
prima littera in bibo. et .a. est ante .b. in alphabeto.
63. ".... Notare quoque cuilibet aliquid citius invenire volenti oportebit
quoniam totus hic liber per alfabetum non solum in primis partium litteris
verum etiam in secundis et tertiis et ulterius interdum ordinabili
litterarum dispositione compositus erit. Prima igitur divisionis notatio per
.a.b.c. et ceteras sequentes fiet litteras, que in secundo quidem
distinctionis ordine per easdem a.b.c. ceterasque maiores litteras ante
quaslibet commutatas subdividetur. In tertio vero subdivisionis ordine,
quicquid sub una trium litterarum specie continetur, ut in toto ipso spatio
inveniatur quod queritur, uno paragrapho tertio subdistinguetur. ..." Cited
in Daly/Daly 1967: 231.
64. Ms. Vatican lat. 3256, Virgilius Augusteus.
65. "Ut autem quod querit exemplo animo lectoris occurat. quocienscumque
prima littera vel secunda diccionis mutabitur. primam literam diccionis
faciam de aizuro." From the prologue to part 5 of the Catholicon;
cited in Wallis 1981: 20.
66. Also see Miethaner-Vent 1989: 90.
67. The Dominican Hugh of Saint-Cher, who became Master of theology at Paris
in 1230 and who used the system in his biblical concordance,
Concordantiae Sancti Jacobi, is usually credited with creation of
this system of subdivision (e.g. Daly/Daly 1936: 236; Rouse 1981: 118).
Châtillon 1985: 32 points out, however, that research by G.
Théry, "Saint Antoine de Padoue et Thomas Gallus", La vie
spirituelle 38, 1934, Supplément, 32, and "Thomas Gallus:
Aperçu biographique", Archives d'histoire doctrinale et
littéraire du moyen âge XII, 1939, 165, relative to another
Master, Thomas Gallus, who taught at Paris at the beginning of the
thirteenth century before moving to Italy in 1219, shows that Thomas used
this system in a commentary on Isaiah composed before leaving France.
68. "At vero quorundam etiam auctorum nomina ad eorundem verborum autenticum
primis quibusdam litteris, quorum quosdam subnotabimus, prescribentur:
Hisidorus hi, Augustinus aug, Ieronimus ier, Ambrosius amb, Gregorius gg,
Priscianus pris, Boetius bo. ...." Cited in Daly/Daly 1964: 231.
69. Dionysius Thrax identified six parts in his grammar; these were later
changed to four by one of his pupils. Apollonius Dyscolus (first century BC)
held that there were eight parts of speech (Sandys 1921: I, 320).
70. Also see Wooldridge 1977: 130 and n.109.
71. 'Talenas' is an illustration of the hidden nomenclature which is
found in all early lexica. It does not occur as a lemma in MP.
72. Rouse/Rouse (1982: 209) observe: "The utility of the devices of layout
worked out in the twelfth century is evident: we still use virtually all of
them, save that we have moved the marginalia to the foot of the page."
"Item tractare volo de abeo et adeo. primo
tractabo de abeo bis quam de adeo aids. quia .b. est secunda littera in abeo
et .d. est secunda littera in adeo. et .b. est ante .d.
"Item determinare intendo de amatus et amor.
prius determinabo de amatus quam de amor. quia .a. est tercia littera in
amatus et .o. est tercia littera in amor. et .a. est ante .o.
"Item agere volo de imprudens et impudens.
ante agam de imprudens quam de impudens. quia .r. est quarta littera in
imprudens. et .u. est quarta littera in impudens. et .r. est ante .u.
"Item agere intendo de iusticia et iustus.
prius agam de iusticia quam de iustus. quia .i. est quinta littera in
iusticia. et .u. est quinta littera in iustus. et .i. est ante .u.
"Insuper determinare intendo de polisintheton
et polissenus. primo determinabo de polisintheton quam de polissenus. quia
.i. est sexta littera in polisintheton. et .s. est sexta littera in
polissenus. et .i. est ante .s. Et ita a simili intelligas de omnibus aliis
dictionibus in hac parte positis. ex quibuscumque litteris constant. quia
semper est ibi ordinacio secundum ordinem alphabeti. ut opinor ... Hunc
autem ordinem cum magno labore et ardenti studio adinveni." Mainz 1460.