Appendix 1

Comparison of French terms in the Glossarium gallico-latinum (ms. Paris, BN lat. 7684), the Dictionarius of Firmin Le Ver (Merrilees/Edwards 1994), and the Vocabularius familiaris et compendiosus (Guillaume Le Talleur, Rouen, c.1490)

This brief analysis compares articles selected from GGL with corresponding articles in DLV and VFC. In other words, we do not compare DLV and VFC with each other. Our findings, which are based on examination of the letters 'A' to 'H' in the three dictionaries, are divided into three broad categories: French terms in GGL occur in both of the other dictionaries; French terms in GGL occur in either DLV or VFC; French terms in GGL do not appear in DLV or VFC.

The comparison focusses on French terms; however, it will be clear that there are many similarities in the Latin definitions and metalanguage. This is particularly noticeable in DLV and VFC, because the Latin content of GGL is much less than that of the other two texts.

1. French terms in all texts are identical or very similar.

While there is variation from one letter to another, an average of 76% of the articles examined fall into this category. The following examples illustrate the high degree of similarity among the texts.

a) The same single French term occurs in all three texts.

GGL DLV VFC
Abominable abominabilis .le Abominabilis et hoc .bile - abominables Abominabilis et hoc .le - abominable
Certaineté certitudo .dinis certus componitur quamcertus .i. valde certus, incertus .i. non certus unde incertitudo .i. non certitudo Certitudo .dinis - certainetés
Certus componitur Quamcertus .a .um .i. valde certus et Incertus .a .um .i. non certus, dubius et comparatur, unde Incertitudo .i. non certitudo 		Certitudo .dinis -certaineté
Certus componitur Quamcertus .i. valde certus - Incertus .i. non certus - unde Incertitudo .i. non certitudo
Amiableté amicabilitas .tatis Amicabilitas .tatis - amiabletés Amicabilitas .tis - amiableté

b) One French term in GGL matches one of the French glosses in the other texts.

GGL DLV VFC
Bride habena, habene HABENA .bene - renne, bride, frain de cheval .i. lorum retinaculum freni et dicitur ab *habeo, habes quia per eam habemus .i. retinemus equos. Habena .ne - resne, bride, frein de cheval
Celebrer celebro .bras .bratum Celebro .bras .bratum - celebrer, solempnisier, renommer .i. venerari, colere, solenniter frequentare et observare Celebro .bras .atum - celebrer, solenniser
Degetey deiectus .a .um Deiectus .a .um - degetés ou tenus vil .i. precipitatus, expulsus, vilis, abhominabilis Deiectus .cta .ctum - degetté ou tenu vil

c) Two or more French terms in GGL match two or more in the other texts.

GGL DLV VFC
Apostat apostata .te pervers, renoié APOSTATA, apostate - penultima correpta - .i. qui primo bene egit, sed postea pervertit apo- stat, pervertis, renoiés .i. perversus, renunciatus, refuga, retro missus ... Apostata .e - apostat, pervers, re- noyé
Barat, fraude, decepcion fraus, fraudia, decepcio, fallacia Fraus, fraudis - fraude, deception, barat .i. dolus, deceptio, falla- cia, versutia Fraus .dis - fraude, deception, barat .i. dolus, deceptio, fallacia
Destourner declino .as .atum decliner DECLINO .natum - decliner ou destourner Declino .as - decliner, destourner

2. French terms in GGL differ from those in one or the other text.

An average of 8% of the French terms in GGL match those in DLV but do not match those in VFC, and an average of 9% match those in VFC but do not match those in DLV.

a) A French term in GGL appears in the corresponding article in either DLV or VFC but not in both.

GGL DLV VFC
Apostasie apostasia .sie Apostasia .sie - penultima pro- ducta apostasie, renoiemens .i. renunciato, retro ad bonum morem itio Apostasia .e - renoyement
Buye conca .ce Conca .ce - eciam dicitur quoddam vas terreum .i. buye, cruche, quene a yaue ydria Conca - cruche ou canne a eaue
Bergerie caula .le, parc ou l'estable des brebiz .i. ovile et est grecum CAULA, caule - .i. ovile, muni- mentum ovium .i. parc ou esta- ble de brebis - grecum est Caula .le - berquerie, oville, parc ou estable de brebis et est grecum
Cincenelle cinifes. fis petite mouche qui point CINIFES, cinifis - .i. tahons, scilicet culicum genus aculeis per molestum et dicitur a cinos vel parva musca,scilicet cinzala .i. chincheles Cinnifes. fis vel Cinifes - petite mouche qui point, cincinelle

b) The form of French gloss in GGL matches that in the corresponding article in one of the other texts but not in both.

GGL DLV VFC
Argentier argentarius .rii Argentarius .rii - .i. qui custodit argentum vel qui operatur in argento .i. argentier Argentarius .ii - qui garde l'argent ou oevre d'argent
Autorizer autorizo .zas .tum Autorizo .zas .zatum - autorisier .i. affirmare, autenticum facere Autorizo .as - faire ferme et auten- tique
Cil cilium .lii de oeil CILIUM, cilii - .le paupiere qui ceuvre l'oeil Cilium .lii - cil d'oeul
Chose transitoire functorium .rii, transitorium Functorium .rii - qui tost passe Functorium .ii - chose transitore
Conjurement adiuramentum .ti Adiuramentum .ti - conjuremens Adiuramentum .ti - adjurement

c) An article in either DLV or VFC lacks any French gloss

GGL DLV VFC
Capitaine sus cent ceturio .onis Centurio .rionis - .i. qui preest centum viris vel centum militi- bus Centurio .onis - capitaine sur cent hommes qui centum preest viris
Cloué clavatus .a .um CLAVATUS .ta .tum - .i. clavis confinis et dicitur a *clavus - .i. cloés vel clavo veste vel instrumento ornatus et prepara- tus Clavatus .a .um -
Compunction compunccio .onis doulour de ses pechez Compunctio .ctionis - .i. pecca- torum suorum cum merore recordatio; compunctio cordis est, dolor cordis Compunctio .onis - compunction, doulour de ses pechés .i. peccatorum suorum commemoratio, recordatio
Deable demon, demonis DEMON, demonis - diables .i. dia- bolus et interpretatur peritus vel sciens Demon .onis -
Ensemble joint collatteratus .a .um Collateratus .ta .tum - ensamble joint Collateratus .ta .tum
Fleume flegma .matis FLEGMA, flegmatis - unus de iiiior principalibus humoribus humani corporis ...... Flegma .atis - fleume: humeur unus de quattuor humoribus

3. French terms in GGL differ from those in corresponding articles in DLV and VFC.

This is an interesting category because it raises the question of the source of some of the French terms in GGL. An average of 7% of the French terms examined fall into this category.

a) One or more French terms in GGL are lacking from both DLV and VFC.

GGL DLV VFC
Celeement clam - adverbium qualitatis - latenter idem, oculte occulte- ment CLAM - adverbium qualitatis - .i. occulte, latenter, absconse, secrete .i. occultement Clam - adverbium - occultement occulte, latenter
Chatepelouse, chenille eruca .ce ERUCA, eruce - chatepeleuse quidam parvus vermis ... quia erodit frondes olerum Eruca .ce - chatepelleuse quidam parvus vermis qui erodit frondes et maxime olerum
Debouter, repeller, fouller excutio, excutis .ssi .ssum EXCUTIO, excutis .ssi, excussum - .i. quatere vel subtiliter inqui- rere vel repellere, commovere, concutere .i. quasser, froissier ou soustivement enquerir ou debouter ou escourre Excutio .tis .ssi .ssum - debouter .i. quatere vel subtiliter inquirere vel repellere, commovere, concutere, percutere, terrere

b) Corresponding articles in DLV and VFC lack any French glosses.

GGL DLV VFC
Aclinouer acclinatorium .rii Acclinatorium .torii - locus in quo acclinari et requiescere possumus vel supra quod accli- natur, ut culcitra vel pulvinar Acclinatorium .ii - locus in quo acclinari et requiescere possumus vel supra quod accli- natur, ut culcitra vel pulvinar
Administrour administratorius .a .um Administratorius .a .um - qui administrat Administratorius .a .um - qui administrat
 
In the following examples, French glosses are translations of the Latin definitions:
 
Chappon qui mene les poussins comme une geline gallus, gallinacius Gallus gallinacius dicitur capo qui, sicut gallina, ducit pullos et nutrit Gallus gallinacius dicitur capo qui quasi gallina pullos nutrit
Faculté, possibilité facultas, facultatis FACULTAS .tatis - .i. facilitas vel possibilitas, ..... Facultas .atis - .i. facilitas vel possibilitas .....

c) The form of French terms in GGL differs from those in DLV and VFC.

GGL DLV VFC
Beneure beatitas .tis - felicité Beatitas .tatis - bone eurté, feli- cités Beatitas .tis - bonne eureuseté
Chal de piez ou de mains callus .lii CALLUS, calli, callo - le durtés des piés
Callus .lli - la durtés de la pamme dedens la main 		Callus .li .lo - durté de piés ou de mains
Dedicacion dedicacio .onis Dedicatio .tionis - dedicasse, con- secration Dedicatio .onis - dedicasse, con- secration
Fourel a mettre saiettes faretra, faretre FARETRA .tre - repositoire a sai- ettes ou a virtons .i. reposito- rium sive vagina sagittarum ubi portantur sagitte Faretra .tre - repositore a saiettes .i. repositorium sagittarum ubi portantur sagitte
 
Often, GGL substitutes an equivalent for a paraphrase. The process involves nouns, verbs and participles.
 
Ameresse amatrix .tricis, scilicet que amat Amatrix .tricis - femme qui aimme Amatrix .cis - femme qui ayme
Chevaucheresse equitissa .sse Equitissa .sse - femme qui che- vauche Equitissa .sse - femme chevau- chant
Apostater apostato .tas Apostato .tas .tare - estre apostat, estre renoiés Apostato .as - estre apostat
Branchir, avoir branches frondeo .des .dui FRONDEO .des .dui .dere - havoir branches, estre branchus Frondeo .des .dui - avoir branches
Crestié cristatus .a .um Cristatus .ta .tum - qui ha grant creste, etc. ou heammés Cristatus .ta .tum - qui a grant creste