7.3. Dictionarium Latino-gallicum

Beginning with T1536, the Thesaurus was intended for the use of scholars. The elementary and practical part of the work was continued in another dictionary intended for students, which appeared in 1538, entitled the Dictionarium Latino-gallicum (DLG): The elements for creating such a dictionary were already in place: a good Latin vocabulary, arranged in alphabetical order, with a substantial number of French translations. However, Brandon (1904: 62f.) stresses that the DLG is not simply an abridgement of T1536, for Estienne devoted considerable effort to refining and adding French material. Although it contains a greater quantity of French, the DLG is a much smaller text (757 pages): rare and outdated Latin entries are omitted, as are the names of writers and authorities.

Exhibit 38 illustrates the successive changes made by Estienne in the article Macer in the transition from T1531 to T1536 to DLG:

Exhibit 38: Article Macer in Thesaurus 1531, Thesaurus 1536 and Dictionarium Latino-gallicum 1538
Thesaurus 1531 Thesaurus 1536 DLG 1538
MACER macra macrum, à moerore fit, & exilem, extenuatúmque significat. Maigre. Virg. Heu heu quàm pingui macer est mihi taurus in arvo. Columella lib. 2, Nam vel pinguissima vel macerrima humo iacitur.
    Macellus macella macellum, diminutivum, pro macilento. Lucilius lib. 6, Si nosti, non magnus homo est, nasutus, macellus.
Macilentus macilenta macilentum, Fort maigre. Festus, Macilenti: macie attenuati. Plaut. in Asin. 8.20, Macilentis malis, rufulus, aliquantum ventriosus. Idem in Capt. ll.ll6, Sed qua facie est tuus sodalis Philolacrates: AR. dicam tibi, Macilento ore, naso acuto, corpore albo, & oculis nigris.
Macror macroris, mascul. ge. Idem. Pacuvius, Corpúsque meum tali moerore, errore, macrore senet. Macritudo macritudinis, foem. gen. Idem. Plautus in Capt. 4.32, Ossa, atque pellis sum misera macritudine.
Macies maciei, foem. gen. Maigreté. Apuleius, Unde ista tam subita macies, & tantus pallor:
Maceo maces, macui, macere, Estre maigre. Plaut. in Aulul. 16.28, Qui ossa, atque pellis totus est, ita cura macet.
Macesco macescis, macui, macescere: Devenir maigre. Plaut. in Capt. 4.32, Ego qui tuo moerore maceror, macesco, consenesco, & tabesco miser. Columella libro secundo, Constat arva segetibus eius (scilicet hordei) macescere. Varro, Tum propter laborem asperantur & macescunt.
Macio macias, maciare, Macrum facere. à quo Emacio. Vide loco suo.
Macreo macres, macrui, macrere, Estre maigre.
Macresco macrescis, macrescere, Macrum fierei. Columella lib. 6, Dabimúsque operam ne penuria cibi macrescat pecus. Varro, Qui earum aspectus ad desyderium macrescere facit volucres inclusas.
Macero maceras, macerare, attenuare, conterere, Faire maigre. & ad corpus tunc refertur. Horat. lib. Car. Quàm penitus lentis macerer ignibus. Plaut. in Capt. Multos iste morbus homines macerat.
    Macerare, Mollificare, ut fit cum quippiam tam diu in aqua tenetur donec tenerescat. Mettre attendrir en leaue, Mettre destremper. Terent. in Adelphis, 3.3.27, Salsamenta haec Stephanio fac ut macerentur probé. Columella lib. i, Piscinas duas, alteram quae anseribus, pecoribúsque serviat: alteram in qua lupinum ulmi vimina, & virgas, atque alia, quae sunt usibus nostris apta, maceremus.
    Macerare se, Se affliger, & contrister tellement que lon devienne maigre. Plaut. in trinummo, 5.2, Multas res simul in meo corde vorso, multum in cogitando dolorem indipiscor, egomet me concoquo, & macero, & defatigo. Idem in Milite, 10.22, At hoc me facinus miserum macerat, meúmque cor, corpúsque cruciat. Idem in Capt. 4.30, Qui tuo moerore maceror. Terent. in And. 4.2.2, Tu modo anime mi noli te macerare. Ibidem, 5.3.15, Sed quid ego: cur me excrucio: cur me macero: Idem in Eunu. 1.2. 107, Rus ibo: ibo hoc macerabo biduum.
Maceratus macerata maceratum, Qui est amolli, attendri. Plaut. in Poenulo, 8.21, Macerato hoc pingues fiunt auro in Barbaria boves.
Maceresco macerescis, macerescere, Maceratum fieri, Devenir mol. Cato de re rustica, Frumento curgulio ne noceat, neu mures tangant, lutum de amurca facito: palearum paulum addito, sinito macerescant.
Macro macras macrare, Faire mol. Unde EMACRARE. Vide loco suo.

Robert Estienne, Paris, 1531
Macer, macra, macrum, Exilem, extenuatúmque significat, quem medici gracilem vocant, cuiusmodi sunt biliosi ferè omnes.
Virg. Heu heu quàm pingui macer est mihi taurus in arvo.
Colum. lib. 2. Cap. 9.3, Nam vel pinguissima vel macerrima humo iaciatur.
Idem lib. 3. cap. 10.3, Mediae sunt macerrimae. Sipontinus à graeco deduci putat. Graeci enim ....... longum dicunt. quae autem tenuia sunt, longiora videntur.
Macrum solum, Cic. pro lege Agra. 69.
Macer libellus, Mart. lib. 2.6.
Macrior vitis, Colum. lib. 4. cap. 24.8.
Pinguissima vel macerrima humus, Colum. lib. 2. cap. 9.3.
Macellus, adiect. diminut. pro Macilento. Lucilius lib. 6, Si nosti, magnus homo est, nasutus, macellus. Nonius.
Macilentus, adiect. Idem. Festus, Macilenti, macie attenuati. Plaut. Asin. 8.20, Macilentis malis, rufulus, aliquantum ventriosus. Idem Capt. 11.115,
Sed qua facie est tuus sodalis Philocrates? AR. dicam tibi Macilento ore, naso acuto, corpore albo, & oculis nigris.
Macror, macroris, sive macor, absque r post c, Ipsa macies. Pacuvius Periboca, corpúsque meum tali moerore, errore, macrore senet. Maigreté.
Macritudo, f.g. Idem. Plaut. Capt. 4.32, Ossa, atque pellis sum mera macritudine.
Macies, maciei, f.g. Idem. Colum. lib. 6. cap. 14.1, Est etiam illa gravis pernicies, cum pulmones exulcerantur, inde tussis & macies. Plin. lib. 10. cap. 63.11, Verres subantis audita voce, nisi admittatur, cibum non capit usque in maciem.
De sua solicitudine maciéque narrare, Cic. Attico lib. 3. 55.1.
Maceo, maces, macui, macere, macrum esse. Plaut. Aulu. 20.28, Qui ossa, atque pellis totus est, ita cura macet.
Macesco, macescis, macui, macescere: Macrum fieri. Plaut. Capt. 4.3.1,
- ego qui tuo moerore maceror, Macesco, consenesco, & tabesco miser. Columella lib. 2. cap. 9.13, Constat arva segetibus eius (scilicet hordei) macescere. Varro 3. de re rust. cap. 16.16, Tum enim propter laborem asperantur & macescunt. Colum. lib. 7. cap. 3. Ne velut puerili nimia exultatione macescat.
Macio, macias, maciare, Macrum facere. A quo Emacro. Vide loco suo.
Macreo, macres, macrui, sive
Macresco, macrescis, macrescere, Macrum fieri. Columel. lib. 6, cap. 3.1, Dabimúsque operam ne penuria cibi macrescat pecus. Varro, Quia earum aspectus ad desyderium macrescere facit volucres inclusas. Martialis lib. 13.63, Ne nimis exhausto macresceret inguine gallus. Varro 2. de re rust. cap. 5.13, Algor enim eas, & fames macrescere cogit.
Macero, maceras, macerare, attenuare, conterere: & ad corpus tunc refertur. Horatius lib. Car. Quàm penitus lentis macerer ignibus. Plaut. Capt. Multos iste morbus homines macerat. Livius 6. bel. Punic. 66, Alterum annum circumvallatos, inclusósque nos fame macerant. Faire maigre.
    ¶ Macerare, Mollificare, ut fit cum quippiam tam diu in aqua tenetur, donec tenerum & molle fiat. Terent. Adelph. 3.3.27.
- salsamenta haec Stephanio Fac macerentur probé. Columel. lib. 1, Piscinas duas, alteram quae anseribus, pecoribúsque serviat: alteram in qua lupinum, ulmi vimina, & virgas, atque alia, quae sunt usibus nostris apta, maceremus. Idem lib. 2. cap. 9.8, Hoc medicamine una nocte semina macerata iaciuntur. Plin. lib. 10. cap. 60.3, Ova aceto macerata in tantum emolliuntur.
Macerare brassicam in aquam, Cato cap. 156.4. Destremper, Attendrir en leaue.
    ¶ Macerare, Proluere, perluere, madefacere. Plin. de Poppea, Balnearum etiam solio totum corpus illo lacte macerans. Idem iubet podagricos macerare pedes in decocto verbenacae, lib. 26, cap. 11. Vitruvius item iubet calcem coctam diu macerari antè quàm fabri ea utantur. Pudaeus.
    ¶ Macerare se, ad animum transfertur, & significat nimia cura, studio, vel solicitudine seipsum conficere & attenuare. Plaut. Trin. 5.2, Multas res simul in meo corde vorso, multum in cogitando. Dolorem indipiscor, egomet me concoquo, & macero, et defatigo. Idem Milite, 10.22,
- at hoc me facinus miserum macerat,
Meúmque cor, corpúsque cruciat. Idem Capt. 4.30, Qui tuo moerore maceror. Terent. And. 4.2.2, Tu modo anime me noli te macerare. Ibidem, 5.3.15, Sed qui ego: cur me excrucio? cur me macero? Idem Eunuch. 1.2.107, Rus ibo: ibi hoc me macerabo biduum.
Maceratus, particip. Mollis & tener factus. Plaut. Poemul. 8.21, Macerato hoc pingues fiunt auro in Barbaria boves.
Maceresco, macerescis, macerescere, Maceratum fiere, Antiquum. Cato de re rustica, Frumento curgulio ne noceat, neu mures tangant, lutum de amurca facito: palearum paulum addito, finito macerescant.
Macro, macras, macrare, unde EMACRARE. Vide suo loco.

Robert Estienne, Paris, 1536
Macer, macra, macrum. Maigre.
Macrum solum.
Macer libellus.
Macrior vitis.
Pinguissima & macerrima humus, contraria.
Macilentus, adiectivum, Idem, Fort maigre.
Macilentae malae.
Macror, macroris sive macor absque r post c, Maigrete, ou Maigreur.
Macritudo, foem. gen. Idem.
Macies, maciei, foem. gen. Idem. De sua solicitudine macié que narret.
Maceo, maces, macui, macere, Estre maigre.
Macesco, macescis, macui, macescere, Devenir maigre.
Macio, macias, maciare, Macrum facere: A quo Emacio. Vide loco suo.
Macreo, macres, macrui, sive
Macresco, macrescis, macrescere, Devenir maigre.
Macero, maceras, macerare, Faire maigre, Amaigrir.
    ¶ Macerare se, S'amaigrir, & macerer son corps de cure & chagrin qu'on prend.
    Macerare, Amollir & attendrir en leaue. Destremper.
Macerare brassicam in aquam.
    ¶ Macerare, Fort mouyller, & laver ou tremper.
Maceratus, participium.
Maceresco, macerescis, macerescere, Se tremper & amollir.

Robert Estienne, Paris, 1538

The DLG was reprinted almost without change in 1543 and 1544. It was printed again in 1546, when greater care was given to the use of French, so as to capture accurately the meaning of the Latin. In addition, the mention of sources was restored, giving the DLG a more erudite aspect.

Wooldridge (1977: 21) explains that this latter change was caused by the introduction in 1542 of a second series of Latin-French dictionaries, the Dictionariolum puerorum, based on an abridgement of the DLG.

The DLG was reprinted twice more in Paris: by Robert's brother, Charles Estienne, in 1552, and by his brother-in-law, Jacques du Puys, in 1561.

7.4. Dictionaire Francoislatin

We have no indication that Estienne planned to produce a French-Latin dictionary at the time he first printed the DLG in 1538. However, whether through his own inspiration or through the suggestion of others, he soon set to work on reversing the DLG to create the first printed dictionary in which French is the language of entry, the Dictionaire Francoislatin.

The DFL of 1539 is a small dictionary, 527 pages printed two columns per page. It contains very little new material over that in the DLG;  [97] rather, it is a question of rearrangement according to a plan similar to that used by Estienne in his earlier dictionaries (Brandon 1904: 66). Exhibit 39 illustrates the treatment in the DFL of the French originating in the article Macer in the DLG. We discuss Estienne's method in Chapter 8.

Exhibit 39: Article Macer in Dictionarium Latino-gallicum 1538
and corresponding artiscles in Dictionaire Francoislatin 1539
DLG 1538 DFL 1539
Macer, macra, macrum. Maigre.
    Macrum solum.
    Macer libellus.
    Macrior vitis.
    Pinguissima & macerrima humus, contraria.
Macilentus, adiectivum, Idem, Fort maigre.
    Macilentae malae.
Macror, macroris sive macor absque r post c, Maigrete, ou Maigreur.
Macritudo, foem. gen. Idem.
Macies, maciei, foem. gen. Idem.
    De sua solicitudine macié que narret.
Maceo, maces, macui, macere, Estre maigre.
Macesco, macescis, macui, macescere, Devenir maigre.
Macio, macias, maciare, Macrum facere: A quo EMACIO. Vide loco suo.
Macreo, macres, macrui, sive
Macresco, macrescis, macrescere, Devenir maigre.
Macero, maceras, macerare, Faire maigre, Amaigrir.
    ¶ Macerare se, S'amaigrir, & macerer son corps de cure & chagrin qu'on prend.
    Macerare, Amollir & attendrir en leaue. Destremper.
    Macerare brassicam in aquam.
    ¶ Macerare, Fort mouyller, & laver ou tremper.
Maceratus, participium.
Maceresco, macerescis, macerescere, Se tremper & amollir.

Robert Estienne, Paris, 1538
Amaigrir.
Amaigrir, Emaciare, Macerare.
Amollir.
Amollir, [...]
    Amollir & attendrir en leaue, Macerare.
Maigre. Maigreté. Maigreur. Maigrement.
Maigre, Gracilis, Macer, Obesus.
    Fort maigre, Macilentus
    Devenir maigre, Macescere, Macrescere, Emaciari.
    Estre maigre, Macere.
    Faire maigre, Macerare.
Maigreté, Macror sive Macor, Gracilitas.
Maigreur, Macror.
Mouiller. Mouillé. Mouilleure.
Mouiller, [...]
    Fort mouiller et laver et tremper, Macerare.
Tremper. Trempé. Trempement.
Tremper, [...]
    Se tremper et amollir, Macerescare.

Robert Estienne, Paris, 1539

Estienne's purpose in compiling the DFL is set out in the preface:  [98] to assist French youth in their study of Latin literature. Encouraging the use of proper Latin was still the focus of Estienne's efforts. Although the form was in place for a dictionary in which French would have equal status with Latin, it would only be in the second edition of the DFL, printed in 1549, that the conception would join the form (Wooldridge 1977: 25).

7.5. Conclusion

Robert Estienne was a remarkable combination of scholar, author, editor, printer and business-man. He is most often honoured for producing correct editions of the Bible and making them available to a large number of readers. Among his many other accomplishments, he also made outstanding contributions to the field of lexicography. Wooldridge (1977: 19) tells us: He continues (1977: 23):

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